Policy - Revision history

Ajay at 09:33, 2 October 2007

2007-10-02T09:33:50Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:33, 2 October 2007
Line 130:		Line 130:


	== Influence on policy and regulations ==		=== Influence on policy and regulations ===

	The regulatory environment described above is used as a background for the influence the FMFI partners planned to exert on the regulator.		The regulatory environment described above is used as a background for the influence the FMFI partners planned to exert on the regulator.

	=== Engaging with the regulator ===		==== Engaging with the regulator ====

	'''Angonet''' - It was pointed out earlier that the Angolan regulatory emphasis is on regulating the service and these services must be licensed or registered. AngoNet registered their VSAT and WiFi solutions and 2.4 GHz band activities with the regulator to comply with the regulations. They have actively promoted the nature and type of AngoNet service provision in an under-serviced area to achieve social objectives. Their contribution is recognised in the CNTI Information Society Action Plan under the heading of sustainable development under “Initiatives for equipping community centres with technology”. They are building on this relationship in the replication activities in other provinces.		'''Angonet''' - It was pointed out earlier that the Angolan regulatory emphasis is on regulating the service and these services must be licensed or registered. AngoNet registered their VSAT and WiFi solutions and 2.4 GHz band activities with the regulator to comply with the regulations. They have actively promoted the nature and type of AngoNet service provision in an under-serviced area to achieve social objectives. Their contribution is recognised in the CNTI Information Society Action Plan under the heading of sustainable development under “Initiatives for equipping community centres with technology”. They are building on this relationship in the replication activities in other provinces.

Ajay at 09:31, 2 October 2007

2007-10-02T09:31:53Z

@@ Line 168: / Line 168: @@
 It looks like the Tshwane frustration with the uncertainties in the telecoms regulations prompted an active challenge of the regulations. They would do it first and plead for mercy later. This is a situation of influence through activism to promote a vision that would have real benefits for the Metro and its residents.
@@ Line 177: / Line 225: @@
 # http://www.doc.gov.za/Speeches/DoC%20Colloquium%20BMI-T%20final.pdf
 # http://mybroadband.co.za/vb/showthread.php?t=29635&page=5

Ajay at 09:25, 2 October 2007

2007-10-02T09:25:38Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:25, 2 October 2007
Line 160:		Line 160:
	This uncertainty in the regulatory environment possibly elicited an emotive response from Tshwane Metro in the press, in which they revealed their overall vision:		This uncertainty in the regulatory environment possibly elicited an emotive response from Tshwane Metro in the press, in which they revealed their overall vision:

	''The head of their Internet project Global Digital Hub… has not only given me and everybody else in Pretoria permission to lay fibre, install Dslams, tunnel under roads and string copper from roof to roof, but is actively encouraging us to do so. He wants to link these community telephone exchanges into the Global Digital Hub - creating a massive WAN that will span the entire Pretoria.		''The head of their Internet project Global Digital Hub… has not only given me and everybody else in Pretoria permission to lay fibre, install Dslams, tunnel under roads and string copper from roof to roof, but is actively encouraging us to do so. He wants to link these community telephone exchanges into the Global Digital Hub - creating a massive WAN that will span the entire Pretoria.''

	He actively wants us to resell or stream for free satellite/multi-media content/CCTV data over our networks and to tell everybody about it. We must boldly proclaim and shout it from the rooftops that every single resident can now legally resell Telkom/Satellite/Internet/CCTV to anybody else - via Tshwane council's PTN licence. Effectively every single resident in Pretoria is now a fully fledged legal telecoms operator. (Tshwane) envisions a network where nobody has control over the data content and you can basically do whatever you want. There is no need for a VANS licence from ICASA or anybody else		''He actively wants us to resell or stream for free satellite/multi-media content/CCTV data over our networks and to tell everybody about it. We must boldly proclaim and shout it from the rooftops that every single resident can now legally resell Telkom/Satellite/Internet/CCTV to anybody else - via Tshwane council's PTN licence. Effectively every single resident in Pretoria is now a fully fledged legal telecoms operator. (Tshwane) envisions a network where nobody has control over the data content and you can basically do whatever you want. There is no need for a VANS licence from ICASA or anybody else. ''

	Where possible our block of copper connected houses will peer directly unto council's darkfiber network. We don't have to cut any roads to connect the blocks of dslmd houses, just string the fibre high above the road from one house to another. As time progresses, this fibre/copper will be buried beneath the roads. No need to cut the road either.(6)''		''Where possible our block of copper connected houses will peer directly unto council's darkfiber network. We don't have to cut any roads to connect the blocks of dslmd houses, just string the fibre high above the road from one house to another. As time progresses, this fibre/copper will be buried beneath the roads. No need to cut the road either.(6)''

	It looks like the Tshwane frustration with the uncertainties in the telecoms regulations prompted an active challenge of the regulations. They would do it first and plead for mercy later. This is a situation of influence through activism to promote a vision that would have real benefits for the Metro and its residents.		It looks like the Tshwane frustration with the uncertainties in the telecoms regulations prompted an active challenge of the regulations. They would do it first and plead for mercy later. This is a situation of influence through activism to promote a vision that would have real benefits for the Metro and its residents.

Ajay at 09:24, 2 October 2007

2007-10-02T09:24:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:24, 2 October 2007
Line 137:		Line 137:

	'''Angonet''' - It was pointed out earlier that the Angolan regulatory emphasis is on regulating the service and these services must be licensed or registered. AngoNet registered their VSAT and WiFi solutions and 2.4 GHz band activities with the regulator to comply with the regulations. They have actively promoted the nature and type of AngoNet service provision in an under-serviced area to achieve social objectives. Their contribution is recognised in the CNTI Information Society Action Plan under the heading of sustainable development under “Initiatives for equipping community centres with technology”. They are building on this relationship in the replication activities in other provinces.		'''Angonet''' - It was pointed out earlier that the Angolan regulatory emphasis is on regulating the service and these services must be licensed or registered. AngoNet registered their VSAT and WiFi solutions and 2.4 GHz band activities with the regulator to comply with the regulations. They have actively promoted the nature and type of AngoNet service provision in an under-serviced area to achieve social objectives. Their contribution is recognised in the CNTI Information Society Action Plan under the heading of sustainable development under “Initiatives for equipping community centres with technology”. They are building on this relationship in the replication activities in other provinces.


	'''Tsilitwa Telehealth''' - The Tsilitwa/Sulenkama VSAT connectivity is distributed across a number of stations via WiFi in a deep rural situation for health applications. This was the baseline for the research to provide the evidence to influence the regulator to relax some of the constraints to WiFi implementation in a deep rural area in South Africa. The CSIR identified the Department of Communication as a specific Boundary Partner to influence and intended to see the research results being adopted by the DoC through an Ongoing process of dialogue between policy and research, such that evidence-based research informs government telecommunications policy.		'''Tsilitwa Telehealth''' - The Tsilitwa/Sulenkama VSAT connectivity is distributed across a number of stations via WiFi in a deep rural situation for health applications. This was the baseline for the research to provide the evidence to influence the regulator to relax some of the constraints to WiFi implementation in a deep rural area in South Africa. The CSIR identified the Department of Communication as a specific Boundary Partner to influence and intended to see the research results being adopted by the DoC through an Ongoing process of dialogue between policy and research, such that evidence-based research informs government telecommunications policy.
Line 149:		Line 150:

	With the introduction of the Under-Serviced Area Licence, the CSIR also struck up a relationship with the USAL for the district with the view to exploring the possibilities of using their connectivity licence to expand the health network.		With the introduction of the Under-Serviced Area Licence, the CSIR also struck up a relationship with the USAL for the district with the view to exploring the possibilities of using their connectivity licence to expand the health network.


	'''Tshwane PLC''' - A PLC solution, coupled with connectivity into an optical fibre network as well as wireless links in some areas, owned by a local authority is a convoluted option in which careful consideration should be given to where the boundaries are and where they are being overstepped. Tshwane Metro holds a PTN licence, but not a VANS licence. Their initial reasoning was to run the project in Rooiwal as a pilot study on a contiguous property Tshwane owned, which would remove most of the potential objections they could encounter, as they were providing communication and connectivity services to their employees. This could be categorised under their PTN licence. But Tshwane had a bigger vision. To confound the issue, in the regulatory environment it was still not clear how local authorities should position themselves, in the following areas :		'''Tshwane PLC''' - A PLC solution, coupled with connectivity into an optical fibre network as well as wireless links in some areas, owned by a local authority is a convoluted option in which careful consideration should be given to where the boundaries are and where they are being overstepped. Tshwane Metro holds a PTN licence, but not a VANS licence. Their initial reasoning was to run the project in Rooiwal as a pilot study on a contiguous property Tshwane owned, which would remove most of the potential objections they could encounter, as they were providing communication and connectivity services to their employees. This could be categorised under their PTN licence. But Tshwane had a bigger vision. To confound the issue, in the regulatory environment it was still not clear how local authorities should position themselves, in the following areas :
Line 166:		Line 168:
	It looks like the Tshwane frustration with the uncertainties in the telecoms regulations prompted an active challenge of the regulations. They would do it first and plead for mercy later. This is a situation of influence through activism to promote a vision that would have real benefits for the Metro and its residents.		It looks like the Tshwane frustration with the uncertainties in the telecoms regulations prompted an active challenge of the regulations. They would do it first and plead for mercy later. This is a situation of influence through activism to promote a vision that would have real benefits for the Metro and its residents.

	It looks like the Tshwane frustration with the uncertainties in the telecoms regulations prompted an active challenge of the regulations. They would do it first and plead for mercy later. This is a situation of influence through activism to promote a vision that would have real benefits for the Metro and its residents.


	-		----
	# Adapted from research by Annemijn van Gorp, CSIR 14-07-2006 and interviews conducted by Uys du Buisson and Chris Morris during site visits in 2006.		# Adapted from research by Annemijn van Gorp, CSIR 14-07-2006 and interviews conducted by Uys du Buisson and Chris Morris during site visits in 2006.
	# Department of Posts and Telecommunications Notice No. 1790 17 November 1995		# Department of Posts and Telecommunications Notice No. 1790 17 November 1995

Ajay at 09:23, 2 October 2007

2007-10-02T09:23:48Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:23, 2 October 2007
Line 136:		Line 136:
	=== Engaging with the regulator ===		=== Engaging with the regulator ===

	* '''Angonet''' - It was pointed out earlier that the Angolan regulatory emphasis is on regulating the service and these services must be licensed or registered. AngoNet registered their VSAT and WiFi solutions and 2.4 GHz band activities with the regulator to comply with the regulations. They have actively promoted the nature and type of AngoNet service provision in an under-serviced area to achieve social objectives. Their contribution is recognised in the CNTI Information Society Action Plan under the heading of sustainable development under “Initiatives for equipping community centres with technology”. They are building on this relationship in the replication activities in other provinces.		'''Angonet''' - It was pointed out earlier that the Angolan regulatory emphasis is on regulating the service and these services must be licensed or registered. AngoNet registered their VSAT and WiFi solutions and 2.4 GHz band activities with the regulator to comply with the regulations. They have actively promoted the nature and type of AngoNet service provision in an under-serviced area to achieve social objectives. Their contribution is recognised in the CNTI Information Society Action Plan under the heading of sustainable development under “Initiatives for equipping community centres with technology”. They are building on this relationship in the replication activities in other provinces.

	* '''Tsilitwa Telehealth''' - The Tsilitwa/Sulenkama VSAT connectivity is distributed across a number of stations via WiFi in a deep rural situation for health applications. This was the baseline for the research to provide the evidence to influence the regulator to relax some of the constraints to WiFi implementation in a deep rural area in South Africa. The CSIR identified the Department of Communication as a specific Boundary Partner to influence and intended to see the research results being adopted by the DoC through an Ongoing process of dialogue between policy and research, such that evidence-based research informs government telecommunications policy.		'''Tsilitwa Telehealth''' - The Tsilitwa/Sulenkama VSAT connectivity is distributed across a number of stations via WiFi in a deep rural situation for health applications. This was the baseline for the research to provide the evidence to influence the regulator to relax some of the constraints to WiFi implementation in a deep rural area in South Africa. The CSIR identified the Department of Communication as a specific Boundary Partner to influence and intended to see the research results being adopted by the DoC through an Ongoing process of dialogue between policy and research, such that evidence-based research informs government telecommunications policy.

	A continuing concern for the project was the issue of a licence for the use of WiFi in Tsilitwa. It was therefore vital to track the changes taking place in the regulatory landscape with respect to WiFi. At the African WiFi conference in 2004, a representative of ICASA (the South African telecoms regulator) indicated a willingness to assist with facilitating the use of WiFi in tribal lands. In response, the CSIR met with the regulator to discuss issues of tribal and contiguous land as well as municipal PTN licence. This was followed by a second meeting in which ICASA was briefed on the Tsilitwa project and the regulatory implications were discussed. The ICASA councillor concluded that a test licence could be applied for, for research purposes renewable after a three month term. However, in light of the fact that the Tsilitwa project was located on tribal land, the regulator did raise the possibility that due to contiguous land (and not crossing public boundaries), no licence would be required.		A continuing concern for the project was the issue of a licence for the use of WiFi in Tsilitwa. It was therefore vital to track the changes taking place in the regulatory landscape with respect to WiFi. At the African WiFi conference in 2004, a representative of ICASA (the South African telecoms regulator) indicated a willingness to assist with facilitating the use of WiFi in tribal lands. In response, the CSIR met with the regulator to discuss issues of tribal and contiguous land as well as municipal PTN licence. This was followed by a second meeting in which ICASA was briefed on the Tsilitwa project and the regulatory implications were discussed. The ICASA councillor concluded that a test licence could be applied for, for research purposes renewable after a three month term. However, in light of the fact that the Tsilitwa project was located on tribal land, the regulator did raise the possibility that due to contiguous land (and not crossing public boundaries), no licence would be required.
Line 150:		Line 150:
	With the introduction of the Under-Serviced Area Licence, the CSIR also struck up a relationship with the USAL for the district with the view to exploring the possibilities of using their connectivity licence to expand the health network.		With the introduction of the Under-Serviced Area Licence, the CSIR also struck up a relationship with the USAL for the district with the view to exploring the possibilities of using their connectivity licence to expand the health network.

	* '''Tshwane PLC''' - A PLC solution, coupled with connectivity into an optical fibre network as well as wireless links in some areas, owned by a local authority is a convoluted option in which careful consideration should be given to where the boundaries are and where they are being overstepped. Tshwane Metro holds a PTN licence, but not a VANS licence. Their initial reasoning was to run the project in Rooiwal as a pilot study on a contiguous property Tshwane owned, which would remove most of the potential objections they could encounter, as they were providing communication and connectivity services to their employees. This could be categorised under their PTN licence. But Tshwane had a bigger vision. To confound the issue, in the regulatory environment it was still not clear how local authorities should position themselves, in the following areas :		'''Tshwane PLC''' - A PLC solution, coupled with connectivity into an optical fibre network as well as wireless links in some areas, owned by a local authority is a convoluted option in which careful consideration should be given to where the boundaries are and where they are being overstepped. Tshwane Metro holds a PTN licence, but not a VANS licence. Their initial reasoning was to run the project in Rooiwal as a pilot study on a contiguous property Tshwane owned, which would remove most of the potential objections they could encounter, as they were providing communication and connectivity services to their employees. This could be categorised under their PTN licence. But Tshwane had a bigger vision. To confound the issue, in the regulatory environment it was still not clear how local authorities should position themselves, in the following areas :


	*Whether VANS can self-provide, in which case municipalities could apply for VANS licence, or		*Whether VANS can self-provide, in which case municipalities could apply for VANS licence, or
Line 170:		Line 169:


	--		-
	# Adapted from research by Annemijn van Gorp, CSIR 14-07-2006 and interviews conducted by Uys du Buisson and Chris Morris during site visits in 2006.		# Adapted from research by Annemijn van Gorp, CSIR 14-07-2006 and interviews conducted by Uys du Buisson and Chris Morris during site visits in 2006.
	# Department of Posts and Telecommunications Notice No. 1790 17 November 1995		# Department of Posts and Telecommunications Notice No. 1790 17 November 1995

Ajay at 09:22, 2 October 2007

2007-10-02T09:22:28Z

@@ Line 134: / Line 134: @@
 The regulatory environment described above is used as a background for the influence the FMFI partners planned to exert on the regulator.
 --
-(#) Adapted from research by Annemijn van Gorp, CSIR 14-07-2006 and interviews conducted by Uys du Buisson and Chris Morris during site visits in 2006.
+# Adapted from research by Annemijn van Gorp, CSIR 14-07-2006 and interviews conducted by Uys du Buisson and Chris Morris during site visits in 2006.
-(#) Department of Posts and Telecommunications Notice No. 1790 17 November 1995
+# Department of Posts and Telecommunications Notice No. 1790 17 November 1995
-(#) TRASA. (2004). TRASA Guidelines on Wireless Technologies Policy and Regulation. Gaborone: TRASA.
+# TRASA. (2004). TRASA Guidelines on Wireless Technologies Policy and Regulation. Gaborone: TRASA.

Ajay at 09:03, 2 October 2007

2007-10-02T09:03:58Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:03, 2 October 2007
Line 129:		Line 129:
	'''Namibia''' - The regulatory environment is rigid in principle, but there seems to be some latitude in accommodating projects with a social objective. Although SchoolNet Namibia had to partner with the principal telecommunications company, they were able to deliver what they needed through the strategic alliance with the licence holder. The partnership extended to negotiations about pricing and negotiating affordable tariffs for social applications.		'''Namibia''' - The regulatory environment is rigid in principle, but there seems to be some latitude in accommodating projects with a social objective. Although SchoolNet Namibia had to partner with the principal telecommunications company, they were able to deliver what they needed through the strategic alliance with the licence holder. The partnership extended to negotiations about pricing and negotiating affordable tariffs for social applications.


			== Influence on policy and regulations ==

			The regulatory environment described above is used as a background for the influence the FMFI partners planned to exert on the regulator.

Ajay at 09:02, 2 October 2007

2007-10-02T09:02:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:02, 2 October 2007
Line 110:		Line 110:
	Furthermore, the licence frameworks of WiFi in the four countries of study have essentially increased a barrier to entry and thus may impede competitive access. This again constitutes a direct contradiction to the general guidelines for regulatory principles and licence purposes. While the barriers of entry are likely not so much due to the costs associated with licence fees, barriers to entry have increased due to the lack of transparency, as mentioned above. Regulation is sometimes difficult to unravel (as is the case with South Africa), or sometimes does not exist at all, while and requirements and conditions seem to be made on an ad-hoc basis (e.g. Mozambique). The direct licence purpose of prevention of harmful interference could be valid point, but nevertheless, in all countries interference is an issue (but perhaps mainly in the big cities). This is a technology characteristic, due to WiFi being in the ISM band. Further, lack of resources on the side of the regulators, so as to enforce regulation, means licensing of WiFi at this point does not serve any of these two purposes of licensing in any of the countries investigated.		Furthermore, the licence frameworks of WiFi in the four countries of study have essentially increased a barrier to entry and thus may impede competitive access. This again constitutes a direct contradiction to the general guidelines for regulatory principles and licence purposes. While the barriers of entry are likely not so much due to the costs associated with licence fees, barriers to entry have increased due to the lack of transparency, as mentioned above. Regulation is sometimes difficult to unravel (as is the case with South Africa), or sometimes does not exist at all, while and requirements and conditions seem to be made on an ad-hoc basis (e.g. Mozambique). The direct licence purpose of prevention of harmful interference could be valid point, but nevertheless, in all countries interference is an issue (but perhaps mainly in the big cities). This is a technology characteristic, due to WiFi being in the ISM band. Further, lack of resources on the side of the regulators, so as to enforce regulation, means licensing of WiFi at this point does not serve any of these two purposes of licensing in any of the countries investigated.

			While further harmonization in the region in terms of the ‘technical’ regulatory framework would be ideal, as it simplifies cross-country collaborative work as well as expansion of organizations wishing to implement WiFi networks across borders, for the time being transparency of, and possibly mere introduction of, WiFi related regulation is of primary importance.

			The recommendation by CRASA stating that “administrations should use their websites to post their regulatory framework, upcoming regulations, the list of licence providers, technical standards and even to facilitate on-line filing of radio spectrum, satellite and/or earth station authorizations” is thus one we would like to stress again.


			=== Summary of Regulatory Challenges Confronting FMFI Partners ===

			The above analyses of the regulatory policy in each partner country helps clarify the challenges confronted by FMFI partners. The CRASA recommendations present a clear picture of what policy changes need to be made in order to promote a supportive regulatory environment. The challenge confronting each partner is how to influence policy to bring about change.

			The following summarises the policy challenges in each country and suggests strategies that might be adopted in each country to bring about the desired regulatory change.

			'''Angola''' – AngoNet can build on its good working relationship with the Ministry of Telecommunication and Post and the Ministry of Science and Technology. A precedent has already been set whereby the regulator allowed the licence of WiFi to the Department of Health in controlling the Marburg virus through the use of ICT’s. This should be expanded to all health and education facilities. With respect to the telecentre model developed in Huambo, the regulator should be persuaded that this project is a Universal Access initiative and not be labelled a commercial venture.

			'''South Africa''' – In order for community owned networks to be legally pursued, the regulator requires such projects to obtain both a PTN as well as a VANS licence. The regulations governing ICT facilities dictates that they must be interconnected with those belonging to Telkom, Sentech, the mobile phone companies or the Second National Operator. Under the Electronic Communications Act, a class licence would be needed by FMFI partners for both infrastructure and services, but the use of WiFi would still be hamstrung by the control on power levels and crossing public boundaries.

			'''Mozambique''' – The main regulatory distinction is between commercial applications, requiring a licence and social objectives which requires registration. The regulator has stated that the FMFI partners need to apply for licences for the operation of wireless networks and register as an ISP, putting them in the registration category. In all the application situations in Mozambique, cost sharing is a crucial issue and due consideration has to be given to the mechanism how the participants pay for the backbone connectivity. The partners therefore need to negotiate the details of the deployment of their networks with the regulator on the grounds that the use of WiFi and running of the telecentres and schools is in support of Universal Access and not for commercial gain. In the case of health and education, the regulator will consider a licence exemption provided the relevant ministry writes a letter to the regulator.

			'''Namibia''' - The regulatory environment is rigid in principle, but there seems to be some latitude in accommodating projects with a social objective. Although SchoolNet Namibia had to partner with the principal telecommunications company, they were able to deliver what they needed through the strategic alliance with the licence holder. The partnership extended to negotiations about pricing and negotiating affordable tariffs for social applications.

Ajay at 09:00, 2 October 2007

2007-10-02T09:00:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:00, 2 October 2007
Line 115:		Line 115:


			--
	(1) Adapted from research by Annemijn van Gorp, CSIR 14-07-2006 and interviews conducted by Uys du Buisson and Chris Morris during site visits in 2006.		(#) Adapted from research by Annemijn van Gorp, CSIR 14-07-2006 and interviews conducted by Uys du Buisson and Chris Morris during site visits in 2006.
	(2) Department of Posts and Telecommunications Notice No. 1790 17 November 1995		(#) Department of Posts and Telecommunications Notice No. 1790 17 November 1995
	(3) TRASA. (2004). TRASA Guidelines on Wireless Technologies Policy and Regulation. Gaborone: TRASA.		(#) TRASA. (2004). TRASA Guidelines on Wireless Technologies Policy and Regulation. Gaborone: TRASA.

Ajay at 08:59, 2 October 2007

2007-10-02T08:59:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:59, 2 October 2007
Line 98:		Line 98:
	* The report states that regulation should also be clear on licence exempt bands and the free use of ISM bands for commercial purposes. A reference is made to the EU that the European Commission recommended member states (in a non-binding manner) to provide licence exempt WLAN access to public electronic communications networks and services in the 2.4 GHz band (p. 25).		* The report states that regulation should also be clear on licence exempt bands and the free use of ISM bands for commercial purposes. A reference is made to the EU that the European Commission recommended member states (in a non-binding manner) to provide licence exempt WLAN access to public electronic communications networks and services in the 2.4 GHz band (p. 25).

	With regard to licence in general, TRASA states in its 2004 document on TRASA Guidelines on Wireless Technologies Policy and Regulation that licence is for the ‘sole purposes’ of ~~(1)~~ protecting public safety and ~~(2)~~ to manage spectrum so as to prevent harmful interference, as unnecessary licence could create barriers to entry (TRASA, 2004). This recommendation would thus apply to potential licence of WiFi as well.		With regard to licence in general, TRASA (3) states in its 2004 document on TRASA Guidelines on Wireless Technologies Policy and Regulation that licence is for the ‘sole purposes’ of
			# protecting public safety and
			# to manage spectrum so as to prevent harmful interference, as unnecessary licence could create barriers to entry (TRASA, 2004). This recommendation would thus apply to potential licence of WiFi as well.

	Additionally, in line with other regional organizations CRASA recommends “transparency, content and technology neutrality, protection of public safety and competition” (TRASA, 2004, p. 40) as necessary principles for regulation of wireless technologies.		Additionally, in line with other regional organizations CRASA recommends “transparency, content and technology neutrality, protection of public safety and competition” (TRASA, 2004, p. 40) as necessary principles for regulation of wireless technologies.
Line 116:		Line 118:
	(1) Adapted from research by Annemijn van Gorp, CSIR 14-07-2006 and interviews conducted by Uys du Buisson and Chris Morris during site visits in 2006.		(1) Adapted from research by Annemijn van Gorp, CSIR 14-07-2006 and interviews conducted by Uys du Buisson and Chris Morris during site visits in 2006.
	(2) Department of Posts and Telecommunications Notice No. 1790 17 November 1995		(2) Department of Posts and Telecommunications Notice No. 1790 17 November 1995
			(3) TRASA. (2004). TRASA Guidelines on Wireless Technologies Policy and Regulation. Gaborone: TRASA.